Codings

The term coding has the following meanings:

• In communications systems, the altering of the characteristics of a signal to make the signal more suitable for an intended application, such as optimizing the signal for transmission, improving transmission quality and fidelity, modifying the signal spectrum, increasing the information content, providing error detection and/or correction, and providing data security (Note: A single coding scheme usually does not provide more than one or two specific capabilities. Different codes have different sets of advantages and disadvantages.) See also Coding theory.
• In communications and computer systems, implementing rules that are used to map the elements of one set onto the elements of another set, usually on a one-to-one basis
• The digital encoding of an analog signal and, conversely, decoding to an analog signal
• Computer programming
• The process of classification of information (vs. use of "free text" e.g. in Medical Informatics), see also coding (social sciences) and legal coding.
• In medical coding, diagnoses and procedures are assigned to categories in their respective taxonomies.
• Source: Federal Standard 1037C
• A coding strand of DNA is translated into a protein product.
• Present progressive tense for Code Blue, which is a patient in Cardiac Arrest or Respiratory Arrest

Java

The Java Programming Language course provides students with information about the syntax of the Java programming language; object-oriented programming with the Java programming language; creating graphical user interfaces (GUIs), exceptions, file input/output (I/O), and threads; and networking. Programmers familiar with object-oriented concepts can learn how to develop Java technology applications. The course features the Java Platform, Standard Edition 6 (Java SE 6) platform, and utilizes the Java SE Development Kit 6 (JDK 6) product. The students perform the course lab exercises using the NetBeans Integrated Development Environment (IDE) 5.5.

History of C language

C Programming Language History

- Dennis Ritchie

What is or is not implemented in the kernel represents both a great responsibility and a great power. It is a soap-box platform on 'the way things should be done.' Even so, if 'the way' is too radical, no one will follow it. Every important decision was weighed carefully. Throughout, simplicity has been substituted for efficiency. Complex algorithms are used only if their complexity can be localized. - Ken Thompson; UNIX Implementation; The Bell System Technical Journal; July - August 1978.

The development of Unix in the C language made it uniquely portable and improvable.

The first version of Unix was written in the low-level PDP-7 assembler language. Soon after, a language called TMG was developed for the PDP-7 by R. M. McClure. Using TMG to develop a FORTRAN compiler, Ken Thompson instead ended up developing a compiler for a new high-level language he called B, based on the earlier BCPL language developed by Martin Richard. Where it might take several pages of detailed PDP-7 assembly code to accomplish a given task, the same functionality could typically be expressed in a higher level language like B in just a few lines. B was thereafter used for further development of the Unix system, which made the work much faster and more convenient.

When the PDP-11 computer arrived at Bell Labs, Dennis Ritchie built on B to create a new language called C which inherited Thompson's taste for concise syntax, and had a powerful mix of high-level functionality and the detailed features required to program an operating system. Most of the components of Unix were eventually rewritten in C, culminating with the kernel itself in 1973. Because of its convenience and power, C went on to become the most popular programming language in the world over the next quarter century.

This development of Unix in C had two important consequences:

• Portability. It made it much easier to port Unix to newly developed computers, because it eliminated the need to translate the entire operating system to the new assemble language by hand:
  
  
  • First, write a C-to-assembly language compiler for the new machine.
    
    
  • Then use the new compiler to automatically translate the Unix C language source code into the new machine's assembly language.
    
    
  • Finally, write only a small amount of new code where absolutely required by hardware differences with the new machine.

• Improvability. It made Unix easy to customize and improve by any programmer that could learn the high-level C programming language. Many did learn C, and went on to experiment with modifications to the operating system, producing many useful new extensions and enhancements.

Voice codings

Disclosed is a voice coding/decoding system having a transmitting part for transmitting a coded signal of an input voice signal at a bit rate lower than a predetermined transmission bit rate and a receiving part for receiving and decoding the coded signal transmitted from the transmission part. To enable the coding and transmitting of an input voice signal in an optimum state without passing through a buffer memory and without having a negative influence on the coder, the transmitting part provides coders for coding the input voice signal and groups of entropy coders. The inputs of the entropy coders in each group are connected to the output of one of the plurality of coders. The transmitting part further provides an evaluation part for evaluating the characteristics of the outputs of the coders and the entropy coders. The evaluation part extracts those entropy coders having output bit rates lower than the transmission bit rate and extracts, from the coders connected to the extracted entropy coders, a coder having the best output characteristic. Then, the evaluation part outputs a selecting signal indicating the combination of the selected coder and an entropy coder from the extracted entropy coders. The transmitting part further provides a selecting part for selecting, in response to the selecting signal, the codeword passed through the combination of the coder and the entropy coder to be transmitted.

codings

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